What a contemptible phrase to use.

Maybe watch some movies or indulge in some internet phraseology first?

For those of us with family members with intellectual disabilities who, when we were young, used that phrase as the phrase of record rather than as an insult... it's just a bummer to see used. Maybe try some empathy

You can mimic him in the sense of being true to oneself.

Fifth paragraph.

I grew up in Connecticut in the US (east coast, southern New England, adjacent to New York State). I remember Brach's displays in grocery stores, usually placed on an end cap. When I moved to Portland, Oregon (west coast) in 2006, Fred Meyer still had the Brach's candy-by-weight display. It survived until 2010 or so. I miss it. You could buy a piece of candy off the display by placing a quarter in the slot of the tiny attached lockbox. It was perhaps the last vestige of the honor system.

It has happened in plants over and over again.

Gene dose increases in plants lead to bigger vegetables and fruiting bodies. We've taken advantage of this during domestication of several species.

Gene dose increases in animals lead to total dysfunction and death in embryonic development.

There are species of fish that have gone through whole genome duplication.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02299-z#:~:text=P...

Dosis sola facit venenum?

dose is such a weird term for "copies"

It’s quite… historical.

Yeah, when I saw the original comment I tried to find the source of the term but wasn't able to find it.

To me it sounds like medical genetics terminology (known for terms like "penetrance", "allele", "epistasis", "locus") whereas I'm a molecular biologist/biophysicist, which has far more precise ways of describing the underlying physical model.

A term can be still used in literature for historical reasons. Both concepts are not mutually exclusive.

And in yeast there has long been evidence for WGD. See, e.g., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4529243/ & references therein.

Edit: I posted this without looking at the paper (which is about yeast). Doh.

In bacteria as well!

If you have access to JSTOR, the essay (with better formatting) is available here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29781619

Right-to-left and left-to-right is how hand-knitting charts are read. But also bottom to top!

English ivy (hedera helix) can damage mortar, but grape vines don't have holdfast structures like hedera that can sink into mortar. Plus, hedera helix is so dense that rotting vegetation and sheltered animals can also cause problems. Grapevines have tendrils that grab onto and twine around something like wires or a trellis.

Commercial bananas grow from cuttings. I don’t know about the rest of the world, but in the US, plant patents protect against unauthorized propagation.

Learning about science is more rewarding to me as an amateur than hobby/indie computer programming. There are others like me, though perhaps a minority on this site. I'm sad to see this go. One of my favorite experiences as a child was visiting the Boston Science Museum.